All the Cases at a Glance
For Writers and Content Creators
Title Case
Title Case capitalises the first letter of most words in a title. Rules vary by style guide: APA capitalises all words of 4+ letters; Chicago style is more nuanced. Title Case is standard for: blog post titles, book titles, movie names, newspaper headlines, H1/H2 headings in formal content, section titles in reports.
Typical Title Case rules:
- • Always capitalise the first and last word
- • Always capitalise nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
- • Lowercase: articles (a, an, the), short prepositions (in, on, at), conjunctions (and, or, but) unless first/last word
Sentence Case
Sentence case capitalises only the first word and proper nouns — exactly like a normal sentence. Google now recommends Sentence case for most UI elements, product names, and subheadings in documentation. Many modern style guides (including Material Design) prefer Sentence case over Title Case for headings because it's easier to write consistently.
For Developers
camelCase (lower camel case)
First word lowercase, subsequent words start with uppercase. No spaces or separators. The standard for: JavaScript variables and functions (getUserById, isLoggedIn), Java and Android development, JSON object keys, TypeScript interfaces and class members.
PascalCase (upper camel case)
Every word capitalised, no separator. Standard for: React components (UserProfile, NavigationMenu), class names in all OOP languages, TypeScript type aliases and interfaces.
snake_case
Words separated by underscores, all lowercase. Standard for: Python variables and functions (get_user_by_id), database column names (created_at, user_email), Python file names, Ruby variables and methods.
kebab-case
Words separated by hyphens, all lowercase. Standard for: CSS class names (.nav-item, .hero-section), HTML file names, URL slugs (/blog/my-first-post), npm package names, Kubernetes resource names.
SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE
All uppercase with underscores. Standard for: constants and environment variables (MAX_RETRIES, DATABASE_URL, API_SECRET_KEY), macro definitions in C/C++.
| Context | Convention |
|---|---|
| Blog post / article title | Title Case |
| UI button labels, headings | Sentence case |
| JavaScript variables & functions | camelCase |
| React components, class names | PascalCase |
| Python variables, database columns | snake_case |
| CSS classes, URL slugs, HTML files | kebab-case |
| Environment variables, constants | UPPER_SNAKE_CASE |
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